2668.9: Object 268
8.10: Serialization 274
8.11: Uri 283
8.12: System.Xml Usage 284
8.13: Equality Operators 286
Chapter 9: Common Design Patterns 289
9.1: Aggregate Components 289
9.2: The Async Patterns 298
9.3: Dependency Properties 312
9.4: Dispose Pattern 319
9.5: Factories 332
9.6: LINQ Support 337
9.7: Optional Feature Pattern 344
9.8: Simulating Covariance 348
9.9: Template Method 354
9.10: Timeouts 356
9.11: XAML Readable Types 358
9.12: And in the End... 361
Appendix A: C# Coding Style Conventions 363
A.1: General Style Conventions 364
A.2: Naming Conventions 367
A.3: Comments 368
A.4: File Organization 369
Appendix B: Using FxCop to Enforce the Framework Design Guidelines 371
B.1: What Is FxCop? 371
B.2: The Evolution of FxCop 372
B.3: How Does It Work? 373
B.4: FxCop Guideline Coverage 374
Appendix C: Sample API Specification 405
Glossary 413
Suggested Reading List 419
Index 423
Preface
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This book, Framework Design Guidelines, presents best practices for designing frameworks, which are reusable object-oriented libraries. The guidelines are applicable to frameworks ranging in size and in their scale of reuse:
* Large system frameworks, such as the .NET Framework, usually consisting of thousands of types and used by millions of developers.
* Medium-size reusable layers of large distributed applications or extensions to system frameworks, such as the Web Services Enhancements.
* Small components shared among several applications; for example, a grid control library.
It is worth noting that this book focuses on design issues that directly affect the programmability of a framework (publicly accessible APIs1). As a result, we generally do not cover much in terms of implementation details. Just like a user interface design book doesn't cover the details of how to implement hit testing, this book does not describe how to implement a binary sort, for example. This scope allows us to provide a definitive guide for framework designers instead of being yet another book about programming.
These guidelines were created in the early days of .NET Framework development. They started as a small set of naming and design conventions but have been enhanced, scrutinized, and refined to a point where they are generally considered the canonical way to design frameworks at Microsoft. They carry the experience and cumulative wisdom of thousands of developer hours over three versions of the .NET Framework. We tried to avoid basing the text purely on some idealistic design philosophies, and we think its day-to-day use by development teams at Microsoft has made it an intensely pragmatic book.
The book contains many annotations that explain trade-offs, explain history, amplify, or provide critiquing views on the guidelines. These annotations are written by experienced framework designers, industry experts, and users. They are the stories from the trenches that add color and setting for many of the guidelines presented.
To make them more easily distinguished in text, namespace names, classes, interfaces, methods, properties, and types are set in monospace font.
The book assumes basic familiarity with .NET Framework programming. A few guidelines assume familiarity with features introduced in version 3.5 of the Framework. If you are looking for a good introduction to Framework programming, there are some excellent suggestions in the Suggested Reading List at the end of the book.
Guideline Presentation
The guidelines are organized as simple recommendations using Do, Consider, Avoid, and Do not. Each guideline describes either a good or bad practice and all have a consistent presentation. Good practices have a check mark in front of them, and bad practices have an ex.
The wording of each guideline also indicates how strong the recommendation is. For example, a Do guideline is one that should always2 be followed. On the other hand, Consider guidelines should generally be followed, but if you fully understand the reasoning behind a guideline and have a good reason to not follow it anyway, you should not feel bad about breaking the rules. Similarly, Do not guidelines indicate something you should almost never do. Less strong, Avoid guidelines indicate that something is generally not a good idea, but there are known cases where breaking the rule makes sense.
Some more complex guidelines are followed with additional background information, illustrative code samples, and rationale.
Language Choice and Code Examples
One of the goals of the Common Language Runtime is to support a variety of programming languages: those with implementations provided by Microsoft, such as C++, VB, C#, F#, Python, and Ruby, as well as third-party languages such as Eiffel, COBOL, Fortran, and others. Therefore, this book was written to be applicable to a broad set of languages that can be used to develop and consume modern frameworks.
To reinforce the message of multilanguage framework design, we considered writing code examples using several different programming languages. However, we decided against this. We felt that using different languages would help to carry the philosophical message, but it could force readers to learn several new languages, which is not the objective of this book.
We decided to choose a single language that is most likely to be readable to the broadest range of developers. We picked C#, because it is a simple language from the C family of languages (C, C++, Java, and C#), a family with a rich history in framework development.
Choice of language is close to the hearts of many developers, and we offer apologies to those who are uncomfortable with our choice.
About This Book
This book offers guidelines for framework design from the top down.
Chapter 1 is a brief introduction to the book, describing the general philosophy of framework design. This is the only chapter without guidelines.
Chapter 2, "Framework Design Fundamentals," offers principles and guidelines that are fundamental to overall framework design.
Chapter 3, "Naming Guidelines," contains naming guidelines for various parts of a framework, such as namespaces, types, members, and common design idioms.
Chapter 4, "Type Design Guidelines," provides guidelines for the general design of types.
Chapter 5, "Member Design," takes it a step further and presents guidelines for the design of members of types.
Chapter 6, "Designing for Extensibility," presents issues and guidelines that are important to ensure appropriate extensibility in your framework.
Chapter 7, "Exceptions," presents guidelines for working with exceptions, the preferred error reporting mechanisms.
Chapter 8, "Usage Guidelines," contains guidelines for extending and using types that commonly appear in frameworks.
Chapter 9, "Common Design Patterns," offers guidelines and examples of common framework design patterns.
Appendix A contains a short description of coding conventions used in this book.
Appendix B describes a tool called FxCop. The tool can be used to analyze framework binaries for compliance with the guidelines described in this book. A link to the tool is included on the DVD that accompanies this book.
Appendix C is an example of an API specification that framework designers within Microsoft create when designing APIs.
Included with the book is a DVD that contains several hours of video presentations covering topics presented in this book by the authors, a sample API specification, and other useful resources.
1. This includes public types, and their public, protected and explicitly implemented members of these types.
2. Always might be a bit too strong a word. There are guidelines that should literally be always followed, but they are extremely rare. On the other hand, you probably need to have a really unusual case for breaking a "Do" guideline and still have it be beneficial to the users of the framework.
About the Authors
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Brad Abrams was a founding member of the Common Language Runtime and .NET Framework teams at Microsoft Corporation. He has been designing parts of the .NET Framework since 1998 and is currently Group Program Manager of the .NET Framework team. Brad started his framework design career building the Base Class Library (BCL) that ships as a core part of the .NET Framework. Brad was also the lead editor on the Common Language Specification (CLS), the .NET Framework Design Guidelines, and the libraries in the ECMA\ISO CLI Standard. Brad has authored and coauthored multiple publications, including Programming in the .NET Environment and .NET Framework Standard Library Annotated Reference, Volumes 1 and 2. Brad graduated from North Carolina State University with a B.S. in computer science. You can find his most recent musings on his blog at http://blogs.msdn.com/BradA.
Krzysztof Cwalina is a program manager on the .NET Framework team at Microsoft. He was a founding member of the .NET Framework team and throughout his career has designed many .NET Framework APIs and framework development tools, such as FxCop. He is currently leading a companywide effort to develop, promote, and apply framework design and architectural guidelines to the .NET Framework. He is also leading the team responsible for delivering core .NET Framework APIs. Krzysztof graduated with a B.S. and an M.S. in computer science from the University of Iowa. You can find his blog at http://blogs.msdn.com/kcwalina.
